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The first step involves mining the rare earth minerals that contain erbium. These minerals are processed to extract the rare earth elements as a mixed concentrate.
The mixed rare earth concentrate undergoes separation processes, such as solvent extraction and ion exchange, to separate erbium from other rare earth elements.
Once erbium is purified to erbium oxide (Er2O3), it is reduced to metallic erbium using reducing agents such as calcium or lanthanum.
The erbium metal is further refined to remove any impurities, ensuring high purity for industrial or commercial use. This may involve additional steps such as vacuum distillation or electrorefining.
Finally, the refined erbium metal is formed into various shapes, such as ingots, sheets, or powders, depending on its intended application. This is done through processes such as melting, casting, and milling.
