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Yttrium is usually obtained from minerals like xenotime and monazite. The ore is processed to extract yttrium oxide, which typically involves: crushing and grinding, chemical leaching, precipitation and calcination.
Once the oxide is obtained, it undergoes a reduction process, typically using calcium or magnesium as reducing agents in a high-temperature environment. This reaction converts the oxide into pure yttrium metal.
To enhance purity, the metal may undergo further purification techniques like zone refining, allowing impurities to segregate and be pushed along with the molten zone.
Once purified, yttrium can be further processed into different forms, such as ingots, sheets, or powders, depending on its intended application. This is done through processes such as melting, casting, and milling.
